The normal output of AUTO is shown in Table 2b (for a problem that does not use G and H below). First is a tabulation of constraints, error function construction parameters, and controls including the default values set up by the computer. Following this is the total number of variables and a relative time per cycle estimate for each major cycle. If requested or otherwise provided by default, VLI will produce a table of variable groupings and RSP will list the reference rays that have been specified by default, by reference in constraints, or by use of the RAY command. Except for the first output (0 cycle, for which some of the information is different), each cycle has the following output:
A typical error function for the default, transverse ray error function, is shown below. Shown is a three field, two zoom position lens. The first number (labeled ERR. F.) is the composite value, scaled so that it is the mean square of the weighted image radius x I o+6. Thus, in the example shown, if the lens units were mm, then the weighted image radius would be 4.405347 microns. This composite number has all the field and zoom weights included. On the same line with the composite error function, the change from the error function from the last cycle is listed. After this the components of the error function are listed. A pair of lines is listed for each zoom position, and within each pair of lines is an X-Y pair for each field. (More than five fields will cause multiple lines within a zoom listing.) These field components have the same scaling (10+6), but have the field weightings WTX and WTY removed. Thus the square root of these components approximate the RMS spot half-widths in thousandths of lens units (mile, microns, etc.), and enables you to have an idea of the relative quality level achieved across field and zoom even though the weights are varied from run to run.
CYCLE NUMBER 1:
ERR. F. = 19.40708576 (change = -8.67423488)
X 6.79054675 9.12633425 10.10991504
Y 6.79054675 11.57617091 15.28363202
X 9.88004020 10.81066193 15.64695445
Y 9.88004020 4.92391707 26.94549052
If some constraints are included in the error function by use of the WTC command, the image aberration error function and the constraint error function are listed separately before the composite error function. The weighted constraints and the amount of their contribution to the constraint error function are listed individually later along with their values and weights.
ABERR F. = 156.71846688 CONST F. = 180.60103118 ERR. F. = 337.31949805 X 6.65762588 74.95314876 126.11939868 Y 6.65762588 217.22070902 189.37979407
If OPD is used (wavefront variance mode), the error function output changes to show the square root of the RMS wavefront (the variance) instead of the squared ray transverse aberrations; for each field instead of X and Y components, which are no longer available, one line (labeled OPD) shows the variance derived from optical path differences alone, and another line (labeled WAV) shows the full integration into variance using both X and Y wave slopes as well as the OPD. The error function comes from the weighted combination of the WAV values; see WVB to alter the inclusion of the slopes in the integration.
ERR. F. = 3.62754935 OPD 2.11964590 2.05077464 5.04108702 WAV 2.71371883 4.47348768 8.07357220
When through-focus optimization is enabled, the error function components (X and Y. or OPD and WAV are printed for each focus position using the same field-zoom format. The focus positions are identified with separate headers. Shown here is a single zoom position lens with three fields and three focal positions.
ERR. F. = 1664.47982261 FOCUS POS. 1 X 316.39658683 1614.76383870 4392.49157840 Y 316.39658683 401.37404496 422.68309440 FOCUS POS. 2 X 364.33020270 1509.45523641 4129.07364705 Y 364.33020270 367.46012549 426.29787406 FOCUS POS. 3 X 455.64194630 1446.68740236 3907.70664892 Y 455.64194630 356.87045664 444.53147211When the MTF optimization is enabled, a single value of the error function is given and the components of the MTF error function are listed for each zoom, field and focus including frequency, azimuth, current value, target value and weight. When WTP is non-zero, the phase transfer function value (in radians) is also listed. Note that the weights have been normalized and may not be the same as the entered weights (the sum of all the weights, including all frequencies, zooms, fields, and focal positions, will sum to unity). The percentage contribution to the change in the error function for each MTF is calculated and displayed also.
ERR. F. = 0.00071081 (change = -0.00195833)
MTF Error Function Components:
Pct Contrib
Target Change to change in
F Z T Freq Azimuth MTF MTF Weight in MTF err func **
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1 1 30.0 TAN 0.779 0.791 0.330 0.011 6.4
2 1 1 30.0 RAD 0.748 0.768 0.253 0.011 7.0
2 1 1 30.0 TAN 0.744 0.768 0.253 0.015 12.2
3 1 1 30.0 RAD 0.714 0.767 0.082 0.072 53.6
3 1 1 30.0 TAN 0.718 0.767 0.082 0.037 20.8
-100 * (change in error function contribution of this component)
** Pct = ---------------------------------------------------------------
ABS (total change in error function)
When only the user-defined error function is enabled, the error function output is a single value, corresponding to the weighted sum of the squares of the aberration differences from their respective targets. If ABL has been used to list some or all of the aberration contributions, then these are listed after the error function, with their definition, aberration type, target, weight, and aberration value. The ABER WEIGHT column shows only the weight assigned with the ABR command, and does not reflect any field or wavelength weights entered with the AWF and AWW commands.
ERR. F. = 0.00082345 (change = -0.00766663) ABER ABER ABER ABER ABER NBR ABERRATION NAME TYPE WEIGHT TARGET VALUE --- --------------- ---- ------ ------ ----- 1 Fl_El_W1 DY 0.10000E+01 0.00000E+00 -0.22561E-02 2 Fl_E1 DY 0.10000E+01 0.00000E+00 0.70423E-02 3 Fl_El_W3 DY 0.10000E+01 0.00000E+00 -0.32236E-02 4 F2_E3 DX 0.10000E+01 0.00000E+00 0.68249E-02 5 F3_E3 DX 0.10000E+01 0.00000E+00 -0.99364E-03
When a standard CODE V error function is simultaneously enabled (ERR BTH), the total error function (ERR.F.), the CODE V component (ABERR.F.), and the user-defined component (UDERR.F.) are listed on separate lines, followed by the standard CODE V error function components listed in the usual field-zoom manner.
ABERR F. = 0.00114455 UDERR F. = 0.00306738 ERR. F. = 0.00421193 (change = -0.02210941) X 0.00018213 0.00105654 0.00282172 Y 0.00018213 0.00050336 0.00017201
The lens drawing (if requested by DRA3 is done (controlled by GRA command) then, the constructional data for all of the surfaces (or the cumulative set of surfaces requested with one or more SUR commands) are listed. If any CHG commands are issued, the appropriate parameter changes are listed after the constructional data.
The EFL, REDU (reduction ratio), PIM (paraxial image distance), GAL (distance from first surface to the surface ahead of image surface), EN PUP (entrance pupil distance to first surface), and EX PUP (surface ahead of image surface to exit pupil distance) are listed.
Including their target/boundary values, the actual values, the difference between the actual value and the target and the relative "cost" of imposing the constraints. The relative cost is the "pressure" that the constraint applies to the solution. The magnitude is meaningful relative to others of the same general type; for example, TT, OAL, IMC, IMD, CT, ET, minimum and maximum edges and thicknesses are all measures of physical length and the relative magnitude has meaning. Glasses are another group where there is meaning within the group. A few constraints (EFL, EFX, EFY, and EXP) are handled internally as reciprocals to improve linearity and to permit infinite values; for these, the costs are in the reciprocal domain. This also applies to constraints on some variables (RDX, RDY and MFL).
The sign of the cost value indicates which direction the constraint would move if it were released. On length measures, a + value indicates an algebraic increase if released; for the group treated as reciprocals, there is a reversal in these signs. For glasses, a + sign means pressure to go outside the permitted region of the glass map.
This listing contains those specific constraints that are not currently active, i.e. the values lie within the acceptable region; the boundary values and the difference between the actual value and boundary value are listed along with the current values. The program continues to monitor the constraint values and, if they move through the boundary, the constraint is activated.
If any WTC values have been used, those constraints are listed with the targets, the current values, the value of the WTC, and the amount of the constraint error function contribution that is attributed to each weighted constraint. Be aware that, if any of the weighted constraints are those that are controlled as reciprocals, their contribution to the error function is also computed in the reciprocal domain; this can effect the size of the WTC that is appropriate for such constraints.
The values for display-only constraints (invoked by DSP), if any, are listed.
Often in the solution process, additional constraints will be violated and sometimes constraints can be released because they tend to move into the acceptable region. When constraints can be released, this is sensed during the matrix solution and they are allowed to drift into the acceptable region without affecting the solution. When constraints are added, however, the derivatives of the new constraints must be calculated and the altered matrix solved, but the rest of the matrix data is retained; this causes additional "minor" solution cycles to be calculated. The constraints added or released are listed.
These are violations of the general edge and center thickness constraints for those surfaces whose center thicknesses are frozen (in all zoom positions). Thus the most potent variable with which to satisfy the constraint is unavailable to the program; to control these constraints would cause a violent upset to the system and would give a pessimistic picture of the potential quality of the system. For this reason, these violations are not controlled but may need to be taken into account when setting up the data for succeeding runs.
res cv_lens:dbgauss
!
!
def var sl..i ! Define the default variable set
glc sl..i-2 0 ! Convert all glasses to fictitious and vary index and dispersion
glc s4 D 0 ! Vary negative glass only along the flint (D) boundary
glc s7 D 0 ! Also freeze 2nd negative glass to D boundary
thc s1.10 0 ! Vary all thicknesses
thi s4 4.0 ! Set thickness of 1st negative element to 4 mm
thi s7 3.0 ! Set thickness of 2nd negative element to 3 mm
thc s4 100 ! Freeze thickness of 1st negative element
thc s7 100 ! Freeze thickness of 2nd negative element
!
!
aut ! Enter the AUTO option
!
!
efl = 100 ! Constrain the focal length to 100 mm
oal sl..i-1 < 75 ! Limit front to rear vertex length to less than 75 mm
imc > 60 ! Require image clearance of at least 60 mm
mne 4.0 ! Require min. edge thickness of 4 mm for any element
glass 487.704 620.603 744.448 805.254 ! Revise default glass map boundaries to
! allow higher index flint glasses
del .345 ! Reduce ray grid interval for better image core
vli ! List variables
mxc 2 ! Optimize for only 2 cycles
go
POTENTIALLY ACTIVE SPECIFIC CONSTRAINTS
EFL = 100.000000
OAL S1..11 < 75.000000
IMC > 60.000000
GENERAL CONSTRAINTS
MXT 30.000000
MNT 3.800000
MNE 4.000000
MNA 0.100000
MAE 0.002500
GLA 487.704 620.603 744.448 805.254
ERROR FUNCTION CONSTRUCTION
WTW 1 1 1
WTA 0.500000
DEL 0.345000
WTX F1 1.000000
WTX F2 0.875000
WTX P3 0.5Q0000
WTY F1 1.000000
WTY F2 0.875000
WTY F3 0.500000
CONVERGENCE CONTROLS
MXC 2
MNC 2
TAR 0.000000
IMP 0.050000
VARIABLE LIST
NO PARAMETERS *
1 CUY S1 CUY S2
2 CUY S2 CUY S3
3 CUY S3 CUY S5
4 CUY S5
5 CUY S7 CUY S9 CUY S10 CUY S11
6 CUY S9 CUY S10
7 CUY Sl0 CUY Sll
8 CUY Sll
9 THI S1
10 THI S2
ll THI S3
12 THI S5
13 THI S6
14 THI S8
15 THI S9
16 THI S10
17 THI S12
18 GLN S1
19 GLV S1
20 GLN S3
21 GLV S3
22 GLV S4
23 GLV S7
24 GLN S8
25 GLV S8
26 GLN S10
27 GLV S10
* Multiple entries on a line are composite variables.
Composite variables are either program-generated bendings
or user-requested couplings.
27 VARIABLES
27 CONSTRAINTS CAN BE ACTIVE
RELATIVE TIME PER CYCLE IS 80.4 UNITS
CYCLE NUNBER 0:
ERR. F. = 557.22910348
X 118.96829442 389.29587560 1024.00963415
Y 118.96829442 347.39768467 260.77962903
RDY THI RMD GLA
OBJ: INFINITY INFINITY
1: 57.44977 8.746658 617650.551388
2: 188.46007 0.298182
3: 34.88727 12.424230 610250.567125
4: INFINITY 4.000000 603709.377074
5: 21.46921 5.107864
STO: INFINITY 12.921199
7: -27.03491 3.000000 603709.377074
8: INFINITY 10.833928 620411.603242
9: -34.98674 0.298182
10: 586.74049 6.858175 620411.603242
11: -63.11521 61.959843
IMG: INFINITY 0.000000
EFL REDU PIM OAL EN PUP EX PUP
100.615666 0.000000 61.959843 74.488417 56.652562 -49.075144
Specific Constraints: target value diff
EFL = 1.00000E+02 1.00616E+02 6.157E-01
OAL S1..11 < 7.50000E+01 7.44884E+01 -5.116E-01
IMC > 6.00000E+01 6.19598E+01 1.960E+00
Warning - Frozen Thickness Violations:
Mn CT S7
Constraints added: EFL (=) GL B S8 (<)
GL B S10 (<) Mn ET S1 (>)
Mn ET S3 (>) Mn ET S10 (>)
Constraints added: OAL S1..11 (<) IMC (>)
GL B S1 (<)
Constraints released: IMC (>)
Constraints added: Mn CT S2 (>)
Constraints released: GL B S8 (<) GL B S10 (<)
CYCLE NUMBER 1:
ERR. F. = 158.71951449 (change = -398.50958899)
X 63.70169047 67.53481204 363.71022452
Y 63.70169047 24.08167414 125.77684838
RDY THI RMD GLA
OBJ: INFINITY INFINITY
1: 57.26160 9.675140 671767.519841
2: 169.98844 0.100000
3: 38.18953 12.536247 609106.592993
4: INFINITY 4.000000 605029.375487
5: 23.15190 17.030772
STO: INFINITY 9.351776
7: -27.09629 3.000000 606465.373782
8: INFINITY 10.803748 617557.591042
9: -35.92148 1.105047
10: 354.82899 7.397269 624649.582256
11: -65.05207 61.855835
IMG: INFINITY -0.183078
EFL REDU PIM OAL EN PUP EX PUP
100.002998 0.000000 61.855835 75.000000 61.963472 -40.766622
Active Constraints - 7: target value diff cost
EFL = 1.00000E+02 1.00003E+02 2.998E-03 -5.239E-03
OAL S1..11 < 7.50000E+01 7.50000E+01 1.421E-14 5.175E-06
GL B S1 1.119E-05
Mn ET S1 -5.830E-06
Mn CT S2 -5.483E-06
Mn ET S3 -3.586E-06
Mn ET S10 -1.644E-06
Inactive Constraints: target value diff
IMC >: 6.00000E+01 6.16728E+01 1.673E+00
Warning - Frozen Thickness Violations:
Mn CT S7
Constraints added: IMC (>) GL A S3 (<)
Constraints released: IMC (>)
Constraints added: GL A S8 (<) Mn CT S9 (>)
Constraints released: Mn ET S3 (>)
CYCLE NUNBER 2:
ERR. F. = 131.87121238 (change = -26.84830210)
X 65.43432965 58.08022868 256.53036106
Y 65.43432965 16.26645936 55.51991943
RDY THI RMD GLA
OBJ: INFINITY INFINITY
1: 56.54376 9.381991 702225.485089
2: 151.52999 0.100000
3: 38.48510 12.733513 612451.606930
4: INFINITY 4.000000 615504.363573
5: 23.67523 16.401822
STO: INFINITY 11.060001
> 7: -27.54622 3.000000 614284.364900
8: INFINITY 10.742738 618952.603537
9: -37.16084 0.100000
10: 274.06789 7.479935 639554.520864
11: -67.26145 60.308186
IMG: INFINITY -0.204192
EFL REDU PIM OAL EN PUP EX PUP
99.999934 0.000000 60.308186 75.000000 60.735208 -43.127048
Active Constraints - 9: target value cliff cost
EFL = 1.00000E+02 9.99999E+01 -6.584E-05 1.087E-03
OAL Sl ll < 7.50000E+01 7.50000E+01 -1.776E-15 3.293E-06
GL B S1 2.454E-05
GL A S3 1.657E-05
GL A S8 6.396E-07
Mn ET S1 -2.007E-06
Mn CT S2 -2.122E-06
Mn CT S9 -1.249E-06
Mn ET Sl0 -2.100E-06
Inactive Constraints: target value cliff
IMC > 6.00000E+01 6.01040E+01 1.040E-01
Warning - Frozen Thickness Violations:
Mn CT S7
Normal AUTO Completion - Maximum cycle limit reached
CODE V>
Since new solutions are saved as lens files when they are discovered, there is no need to list the lens data as the Global Synthesis run progresses. The SUR and CHG commands therefore affect only the listing of the starting system. The cycle by cycle lens listing is disabled when GS is running. Issuing the DRA command for a GS run will generate a plot for the starting system, and for each new lens saved by the GS process. It will not generate a plot for each local optimization cycle when GS is enabled.
The listed output for GS runs is exactly the same as the non-GS AUTO listing through cycle number zero (including the echoing the constraint definitions, error function construction, convergence controls, and the variable listing). Beyond cycle zero, all AUTO output is disabled, and the remaining GS output consists of two tables which list the saved lens files, one in order of generation, and one sorted by error function. A typical Global Synthesis output listing is given below.
CYCLE NUMBER 0:
ERR. F. = 717.69067426
X 0.68825876 58.30713533 822.93649276
Y 0.68825876 255.24637718 3997.68086626
RDY THI RMD GLA
OBJ: INFINITY INFINITY
STO: INFINITY 0.000000
2: 50.00000 2.000000 BK7_SCHOTT
3: -657.62163 88.773421
IMG: INFINITY 0.000000
EFL REDU PIM OAL EN PUP EX PUP
90.000000 0.000000 88.773421 2.000000 0.000000 -1.319935
Active Constraints - 1: target value diff cost
Mn ET S2 -1.661E+00
Specific Constraints: target value diff
CT S1 < 1.00000E+02 0.00000E+00 -1.000E+02
NUMBER OF ACTIVE
ERROR FUNCTION CONSTRAINTS / AUTO CUMULATIVE
LENS FILE NAME VALUE CYCLES CPU MINUTES
-------------- --------------- ------------ ------------
LANDSCAPEl.LEN(1) 8.71969097 1 / 5 0.05
LANDSCAPE2.LEN(1) 3.87828950 1 / 5 0.25
UNABLE TO FIND ANY MORE CONFIGURATIONS
NOTE: The following table lists the local minima in order of
increasing error function values.
LENS ERROR FUNCTION NUMBER OF
RANK LENS FILE NAME VALUE ACTIVE CONSTRAINTS
---- -------------- -------------- -------------------
1 LANDSCAPE2 3.87828950 1
2 LANDSCAPEl 8.71969097 1
Normal AUTO Completion - GLOBAL_SYN is finished
Excerpted from the CODE V Reference Manual. (c) Copyright 2002 by Optical Research Associates. Excerpted by permission of Optical Research Associates. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from Optical Research Associates.
Maintained by John Loomis, last updated 21 June 1999